By 大伟哥 |
新安装Ubuntu Server 16.04以后，在初次登录系统之后，我们看到了系统给出的提示：
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-62-generic x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com * Management: https://landscape.canonical.com * Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage 131 packages can be updated. 62 updates are security updates.
这说明我们的系统的软件包不是最新的，有131个软件包已经有了更新，其中有62个是安全更新。为了系统的稳定和安全，我们需要安装这些更新。以下是Ubuntu安装更新的大体步骤:
1. 确定是否要替换到更快的软件源。
Ubuntu的软件源是在定义在/etc/apt/sources.list文件里面，如果你的服务器是在国外，如美国，可以使用默认的官方软件源。如果你是在国内使用，官方的源可能速度太慢，可以考虑根据实际情况切换到国内大公司或者学校的源，比如网易源、搜狐源、阿里云源、中科大源、清华大学源等。这里我们采用Ubuntu的默认源。
2. 执行sudo apt-get update
daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$ sudo apt-get update [sudo] password for daweibro: Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [102 kB] Hit:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [102 kB] Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease [102 kB] Fetched 306 kB in 7s (42.8 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$
sudo是以管理员身份执行指令。apt-get update指令是更新同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引，获取到最新的软件包。
执行sudo apt-get upgrade
daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages have been kept back: linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic The following packages will be upgraded: apparmor apport apt apt-transport-https apt-utils base-files bash bind9-host bsdutils btrfs-tools cloud-initramfs-copymods cloud-initramfs-dyn-netconf coreutils distro-info-data dnsmasq-base dnsutils dpkg eject git git-man grub-legacy-ec2 init init-system-helpers iproute2 isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common kmod less libapparmor-perl libapparmor1 libapt-inst2.0 libapt-pkg5.0 libasn1-8-heimdal libbind9-140 libblkid1 libc-bin libc6 libdns-export162 libdns162 libdrm2 libevent-2.0-5 libexpat1 libfdisk1 libgcrypt20 libgnutls-openssl27 libgnutls30 libgssapi3-heimdal libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal libhx509-5-heimdal libicu55 libisc-export160 libisc160 libisccc140 libisccfg140 libkmod2 libkrb5-26-heimdal libldap-2.4-2 liblwres141 liblxc1 libmount1 libmspack0 libnl-3-200 libnl-genl-3-200 libpam-systemd libpci3 libroken18-heimdal librtmp1 libsmartcols1 libssl1.0.0 libsystemd0 libtasn1-6 libudev1 libuuid1 libwind0-heimdal libxml2 linux-firmware locales login logrotate lxc-common lxcfs lxd lxd-client makedev mdadm mount multiarch-support nano open-iscsi openssh-client openssh-server openssh-sftp-server openssl overlayroot passwd pciutils python3-apport python3-distupgrade python3-problem-report python3-software-properties python3-update-manager resolvconf snap-confine snapd software-properties-common sosreport sudo systemd systemd-sysv tcpdump ubuntu-core-launcher ubuntu-release-upgrader-core udev uidmap unattended-upgrades update-manager-core update-notifier-common util-linux uuid-runtime vlan wget zlib1g 124 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded. Need to get 98.7 MB of archives. After this operation, 19.5 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
系统列出了124个需要更新的软件，要安装这些更新需要下载98.7M，安装后额外占用19.5M的硬盘空间。询问我们是否要继续，要继续则键入Y确认，取消键入n.
Setting up overlayroot (0.27ubuntu1.4) ... Setting up vlan (1.9-3.2ubuntu1.16.04.3) ... Installing new version of config file /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/vlan ... Setting up python3-update-manager (1:16.04.9) ... Setting up liblxc1 (2.0.8-0ubuntu1~16.04.2) ... Setting up lxc-common (2.0.8-0ubuntu1~16.04.2) ... Setting up lxd (2.0.10-0ubuntu1~16.04.1) ... Setting up python3-distupgrade (1:16.04.22) ... Setting up ubuntu-release-upgrader-core (1:16.04.22) ... Setting up update-manager-core (1:16.04.9) ... Setting up update-notifier-common (3.168.5) ... Processing triggers for shared-mime-info (1.5-2ubuntu0.1) ... Processing triggers for dbus (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.3) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ... Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.8) ... update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-62-generic W: mdadm: /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf defines no arrays. Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu19) ... Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ... Processing triggers for resolvconf (1.78ubuntu4) ... daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$
键入Y后按Enter确认之后，系统就会开始下载软件包、解压并安装，界面会一直不停地滚动。作为使用者我们不需要看清楚并明白所有这些信息。最后再次出现提示符就算更新完成了。如果系统安装出错，在最后面会给出警报提示。如果没有fatal errer等提示，一般不会有什么大问题。万一出现出错提示，我们可以通过提示信息在搜索引擎里找到可能的原因和解决方法。
apt-get upgrade可能出现的问题
退出登录然后再次登录系统，大伟哥发现有些信息变化了：
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-62-generic x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com * Management: https://landscape.canonical.com * Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage 7 packages can be updated. 7 updates are security updates. *** System restart required *** Last login: Tue Aug 29 00:14:25 2017 from 192.168.1.2
我们发现版本号已经从Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS升级到了Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS，内核GNU/Linux 4.4.0-62-generic x86_64却没有变化，还有7个软件包没有更新，而且都是安全更新。
我们再次运行sudo apt-get update和sudo apt-get upgrade，看看有什么提示：
daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$ sudo apt-get update [sudo] password for daweibro: Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [102 kB] Hit:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [102 kB] Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease [102 kB] Fetched 306 kB in 14s (21.0 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done david@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages have been kept back: linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
原来是linux的内核没有更新，有什么办法吗？可以执行sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: linux-headers-4.4.0-93 linux-headers-4.4.0-93-generic linux-image-4.4.0-93-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-93-generic The following packages will be upgraded: linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic 3 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 68.6 MB of archives. After this operation, 297 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-image-4.4.0-93-generic amd64 4.4.0-93.116 [21.9 MB] Get:2 http://101.44.1.117/files/B095000006D1261F/us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-image-extra-4.4.0-93-generic amd64 4.4.0-93.116 [35.9 MB] Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-generic amd64 4.4.0.93.98 [1,790 B] Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-image-generic amd64 4.4.0.93.98 [2,286 B] Get:5 http://101.44.1.3/files/5060000006D1260B/us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.4.0-93 all 4.4.0-93.116 [9,981 kB] Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-4.4.0-93-generic amd64 4.4.0-93.116 [812 kB] Get:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 linux-headers-generic amd64 4.4.0.93.98 [2,268 B] Fetched 68.6 MB in 3min 44s (306 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package linux-image-4.4.0-93-generic. (Reading database ... 59717 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-4.4.0-93-generic_4.4.0-93.116_amd64.deb ... Done. Unpacking linux-image-4.4.0-93-generic (4.4.0-93.116) ... Selecting previously unselected package linux-image-extra-4.4.0-93-generic. Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-extra-4.4.0-93-generic_4.4.0-93.116_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-image-extra-4.4.0-93-generic (4.4.0-93.116) ... Preparing to unpack .../linux-generic_4.4.0.93.98_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-generic (4.4.0.93.98) over (4.4.0.62.65) ... Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-generic_4.4.0.93.98_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-image-generic (4.4.0.93.98) over (4.4.0.62.65) ... Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.4.0-93. Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.4.0-93_4.4.0-93.116_all.deb ... Unpacking linux-headers-4.4.0-93 (4.4.0-93.116) ... Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.4.0-93-generic. Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.4.0-93-generic_4.4.0-93.116_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-headers-4.4.0-93-generic (4.4.0-93.116) ... Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-generic_4.4.0.93.98_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-headers-generic (4.4.0.93.98) over (4.4.0.62.65) ... Setting up linux-image-4.4.0-93-generic (4.4.0-93.116) ... Running depmod. update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later) Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d. run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-93-generic W: mdadm: /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf defines no arrays. run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/unattended-upgrades 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-93-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-62-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-62-generic done Setting up linux-image-extra-4.4.0-93-generic (4.4.0-93.116) ... run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-93-generic W: mdadm: /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf defines no arrays. run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/unattended-upgrades 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 4.4.0-93-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-93-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-93-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-62-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-62-generic done Setting up linux-image-generic (4.4.0.93.98) ... Setting up linux-headers-4.4.0-93 (4.4.0-93.116) ... Setting up linux-headers-4.4.0-93-generic (4.4.0-93.116) ... Setting up linux-headers-generic (4.4.0.93.98) ... Setting up linux-generic (4.4.0.93.98) ... daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$
执行sudo reboot命令重启系统再登录以后，提示发现内核版本由GNU/Linux 4.4.0-62-generic x86_64更新到GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64了，至此所有的软件包都成功升级到最新版本了：
daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$ sudo reboot [sudo] password for david: Connection to 192.168.1.109 closed by remote host. Connection to 192.168.1.109 closed. david@Workstation:~$ ssh 192.168.1.109 daweibro@192.168.1.109's password: Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com * Management: https://landscape.canonical.com * Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage 0 packages can be updated. 0 updates are security updates. Last login: Wed Aug 30 19:11:21 2017 from 192.168.1.2 daweibro@Web-Ubuntu-Server-1604:~$
总结:Debian系（包含Ｕbuntu）系统的一般更新方法是使用sudo以系统管理员权限运行apt-get update更新软件列表，然后执行apt-get upgrade进行更新升级,如果Linux内核或者有些软件包无法升级，可以尝试使用apt-get dist-upgrade更新升级。
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